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| 1
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What is urban areas' footprint?
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From a spatial perspective, urban areas have a relatively small footprint, with just 1% of the earth's ice-free land surface being built-up.[[1]]
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| 2
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Which natural disaster is the most common natural risk for cities?
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Flooding has been identified as the most common natural risk across more than 1,600 cities, each with over 300,000 inhabitants. The loss of coastal habitats, such as carbon-rich and biodiverse mangrove forests, has significantly increased the risk from floods and hurricanes for cities within coastal zones.24 In 1990, floods caused almost $46 billion in economic losses and 4,500 deaths globally, accounting for almost half the deaths from natural disasters in that year.25 The World Bank estimates that over 1.47 billion people globally are highly vulnerable to flood- related economic losses and mortality26 and over 600 million of these are already living below the poverty line. [[2]]
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| 3
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Which kind of natural events accounted for almost half of the deaths for natural disasters?
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In 2019, floods caused almost $46 billion in economic losses and 4,500 deaths globally, accounting for almost half the deaths from natural disasters in that year.[[3]]
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| 4
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How large is the population exposed to flood- related risks?
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The World Bank estimates that over 1.47 billion people globally are highly vulnerable to flood- related economic losses and mortality and over 600 million of these are already living below the poverty line. [[4]]
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| 5
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What is one of the causes of economic/health risk in built-up areas?
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Another economic/health risk in built-up areas is urban heat, often related to a lack of green areas or smart surfaces. [[5]]
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| 6
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Does cities spatial footprint expand as much as urban populations?
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No, historically cities spatial footprint has expanded at a higher rate than urban populations. Between 1990 and 2015, the urban population increased an average of 1.9 times; in the same period, the urban footprint increased an average of 2.5 times.10 This difference grows more stark when we look at developing countries, where the population increased 2.3 times and the area increased 3.2 times in the same period. [[6]]
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| 7
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Correct Sentence: Total GDP was estimated at $69.9 trillion for 2019. ii.
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| 8
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What is the direct impact on biodiversity?
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The most noticeable direct impact of urban growth on biodiversity is the loss of natural habitats. [[7]]
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| 9
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What is the dierect consequence of biodiversity loss on economic growth?
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As a consequence of biodiversity loss, critical economic activities depending on nature are at risk of disruption. [[8]]
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| 10
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What are the criteria for evaluating the severity of disruption risk of economic sectors?
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A sector with over 80% of its production processes materially disrupted is considered “High” risk; over 55% is “Moderate” risk; and less than 55% is “Low” risk. [[9]]
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| 11
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Which are the most reported actions for cities to build resilience and prepare to cope with social, environmental and financial consequences of ever-incresing natural hazards?
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Flood mapping , crisis management , community engagement , tree planting and long-term planning are the most reported actions used to build resilience.[[10]]
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| 12
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How much was invested in urban climate finance globally and what is the estimated investment needed?
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The 2021 State of Cities Climate Finance Report, from the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance, the Climate Policy Initiative and the World Bank, estimates that a total of $384 billion was invested in urban climate finance globally in 2017 and 2018—an amount far below the estimated $5 trillion needed. [[11]]
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| 13
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With reference to urbanization, what leads to natural habitat destruction and biodiversity loss?
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The indirect impact of urban growth on land use is vast. To feed the world’s cities we require an area 36 times larger than cities’ global urban footprint; this leads to natural habitat destruction and biodiversity loss as we extract resources and create space to extract materials and produce food. [[12]]
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| 14
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Why are cities central to biodiversity maintenance?
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Cities are at the heart of our economies and societies, accounting for 80% of global GDP and 56% of global population. [[13]]
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| 15
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How large is the population exposed to high or extreme risk of natural disasters?
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More than 1.4 billion people living in the world’s largest urban centres are at high or extreme risk of environmental disaster. [[14]]
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| 16
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What has significantly increased the risk from floods and hurricanes for cities within coastal zones?
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The loss of coastal habitats, such as carbon-rich and biodiverse mangrove forests, has significantly increased the risk from floods and hurricanes for cities within coastal zones.24 In 2019, floods caused almost $46 billion in economic losses and 4,500 deaths globally, accounting for almost half the deaths from natural disasters in that year.25 The World Bank estimates that over 1.47 billion people globally are highly vulnerable to flood- related economic losses and mortality26 and over 600 million of these are already living below the poverty line. Recent studies have found that capital stock damage due to flood risk is expected to double by 2030 and - in terms of freshwater flooding events in cities- quadruple _______ 2050. [[15]]
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| 17
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What are the side effects of increased heating and air conditioning?
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As a side effect of increased heating, air conditioning use now amounts to 10% of global electricity use and is projected to triple by 2050. In 2016, carbon emissions from air-conditioning already amounted to 1.25 gigatons, equivalent to almost 3% of the global annual anthropogenic emissions. [[16]]
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| 18
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What is a consequence of biodiversity loss?
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| 19
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What is the total gdp of cities around the world?
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$31 trillion. [[17]]
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| 20
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What is referred as "the Australian Black change"?
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Urbanization. [[18]]
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| 21
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What is the second most dangerous urban risk?
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Droughts. [[19]]
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| 22
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What is the share of responsibility of global carbon attributed to urban areas?
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Urban areas are responsible for over 75% of global carbon.[[20]]
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| 23
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What is the main stage of human activity?
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| 24
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What percentage of global GDP do cities generate?
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Over 80% .[[21]]
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| 25
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How many people will be living in cities by 2030?
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Over 5.5 billion .[[22]]
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| 26
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What is the projected population growth rate in the world by 2050?
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Three out of every four people on Earth are expected to be living in cities .[[23]]
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| 27
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What is the most noticeable impact of urban growth on biodiversity?
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Loss of natural habitats .[[24]]
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| 28
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When did the urban growth begin?
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| 29
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What is projected to be generated in some cities GDP?
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$70 trillionGDP .[[25]]
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| 30
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What percentage of the world's biological hotspots will be added to cities by 2030?
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| 31
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Where are the most biodiverse and environmentally intact regions?
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Africa, Asia and the Americas .[[26]]
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| 32
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How did urban population increased between 1990 and 2015?
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The urban population increased an average of 1.9 times .[[27]]
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| 33
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What negatively affects biodiversity?
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The increase of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration .[[28]]
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| 34
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How much money was invested in urban climate finance globally in 2017 and 2018?
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$384 billion .[[29]]
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| 35
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What organization is responsible for the 2021 State of Cities Climate Finance Report?
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Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance .[[30]]
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| 36
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What does the IPBES Global Assessment Report outlines?
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It outlines eighteen life supporting contributions biodiversity makes to humanity.[[31]]
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| 37
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In which way economic activities affect biodiversity?
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By affecting air quality, water cycles and flood regulation .[[32]]
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| 38
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What are the risks of pollution that need to be monitored to mitigate cities'environmental risks?
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Extreme risk from pollution, compromised water supplies, extreme heat and natural hazards.[[33]]
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| 39
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How many major cities are in the world?
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576[[34]]
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| 40
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What are some of the natural hazards?
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Cyclones, floods, droughts, earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions.[[35]]
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| 41
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What is the most common natural risk?
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Flooding[[36]]
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| 42
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Which countries are expected to face water stress or shortages?
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According to the United Nations, half of all countries worldwide will face water stress or shortages.[[37]]
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| 43
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What are some of the factors that cause water stress?
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Drought, population growth and rapid urbanization.[[38]]
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| 44
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What percentage of global electricity use is due to air conditioning?
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10%[[39]]
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| 45
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What was the impact of pollution on the economy?
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Around $5.1 trillion in welfare losses.[[40]]
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| 46
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How many people are affected by drought?
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411 million [[41]]
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| 47
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What is the importance of urban green spaces?
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Urban green spaces help yielding multiple benefits for carbon storage, heat reduction, preserving biodiversity and improving wellbeing [[42]]
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| 48
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How many cities are reporting climate and environmental data?
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Over 620 [[43]]
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| 49
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What are some examples of green spaces?
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Parks, urban meadows, wetlands and forests [[44]]
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