Clean energy investments

	Question	Answer	Validation timestamp
1	What does the International Energy Agency (IEA) do?	The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries, 10 association countries and beyond.[[1]]
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2	What does the World Energy Investment 2022 report show?	It provides a full update on the investment picture in 2021 and full-year estimates of the outlook for 2022. It examines how investors are assessing risks and opportunities across all areas of fuel and electricity supply, critical minerals, efficiency and research and development, against a backdrop of uncertainties over how events will play out in 2022, namely the ongoing war in Ukraine, the outlook for the global economy, and in some countries the continuing public health risks from the pandemic.[[2]]
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3	What is creating pressure and incentives for energy investors?	High fuel prices, inflationary pressures and supply chain bottlenecks, the urgent need to accelerate the energy sector’s transformation to net zero, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[[3]]
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4	What does the World Energy Investment 2022 report benchmark today’s trends against?	The report benchmarks today’s trends against future scenarios from the IEA World Energy Outlook 2021.
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5	What is the current outlook for energy investment?	Energy investment is set to pick up by 8% in 2022 to reach a total of USD 2.4 trillion.[[4]]
		Investment is increasing in all parts of the energy sector, but the main boost in recent years has come from the power sector – mainly in renewables and grids – and from increased spending on end-use efficiency.[[5]]
		Almost half of the additional USD 200 billion in capital investment in 2022 is likely to be eaten up by higher costs, rather than bringing additional energy supply capacity or savings.[[6]]
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6	What will the majority of the additional capital investment be spent on?	Almost half of the additional USD 200 billion in capital investment in 2022 is likely to be eaten up by higher costs, rather than bringing additional energy supply capacity or savings.[[7]]
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7	What are the factors affecting global energy investment?	High prices, rising costs, economic uncertainty, energy security concerns and climate imperatives amount to a powerful cocktail of factors bearing on global energy investment.[[8]]
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7	What is the lasting solution to today's energy crisis?	A lasting solution is to speed up clean energy transitions via greater investment in efficiency, clean electricity and a range of clean fuels.[[9]]
8	What is leading the clean energy push?	Renewable power, efficiency and electric vehicles (EVs).
9	How much is clean energy investment expected to grow in 2022?	Clean energy investment is expected to exceed USD 1.4 trillion in 2022, accounting for almost three-quarters of the growth in overall energy investment.[[10]]
		The annual average growth rate in clean energy investment in the five years after the signature of the Paris Agreement in 2015 was just over 2%. Since 2020 the rate has risen to 12%.[[11]]
10	Which country/region has the highest clean energy investment levels?	The highest clean energy investment levels in 2021 were in China (USD 380 billion), followed by the European Union (USD 260 billion) and the United States (USD 215 billion).[[12]]
11	Why is renewable power the main focus in new clean energy investment?	Clean technologies such as wind and solar PV remain the cheapest option for new power generation in many countries.[[13]]
		Renewables, grids and storage now account for more than 80% of total power sector investment.
12	What renewable power category has the highest proportion of new investments?	Solar PV makes up almost half of new investment in renewable power, with spending divided equally between utility-scale projects and distributed solar PV systems.[[14]]
13	What is another major growth area for clean energy investment?	Investment in improved efficiency is another major growth area, driven by higher fuel prices and government incentives.
		Policy makers are attempting to move the global annual rate of building retrofits above the 1% mark, where it has been stuck for many years, and many countries, notably Japan, China and some in Europe, are putting increasing emphasis on high energy performance standards for new construction.[[15]]
14	What are some issues investment in improved efficiency is expected to face?	Efficiency investment faces headwinds, with higher borrowing costs, flat household incomes, and lower consumer and business confidence. As ever, much hinges on continued government support to shape consumer and corporate demand.[[16]]
15	What is the key contributor to rising clean end-use spending by consumers?	Electrification of mobility is a key contributor to rising clean end-use spending by consumers.[[17]]
		Sales of electric vehicles (EVs) more than doubled in 2021 on the previous year and are continuing to rise strongly in 2022.
16	What is an uncertainty EV automakers face in regard to rising EV demand?	One uncertainty is whether automakers can keep up with orders, given supply chain issues (see section on critical minerals) and the global semiconductor shortage.[[18]]
17	What are some vehicle examples of electrification?	Electrification includes cars, electric two- and three-wheelers, buses and commercial vehicles.[[19]]
18	What are the important new and emerging technologies applied to the clean energy push?	The important new and emerging technologies are battery energy storage, low-emissions hydrogen and CO2 capture. [[20]]
19	What is the situation for investment in battery energy storage?	Investment in battery energy storage is hitting new highs and is expected to more than double to reach almost USD 20 billion in 2022. This is led by grid-scale deployment, which represented more than 70% of total spending in 2021. [[21]]
		The pipeline of projects is immense, with China targeting around 30 GW of non-hydro energy storage capacity by 2025 and the United States having more than 20 GW of grid-scale projects either planned or under construction.
20	What is the situation for investment in low-emissions hydrogen?	The momentum behind low-emissions hydrogen has been reinforced by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which has bolstered policy support, especially in Europe. Clean hydrogen-focused companies are raising more money than ever before, and the value of a portfolio of leading firms in this space has quadrupled since the end of 2019. [[22]]
		Annual investment in low-carbon hydrogen stands at around USD 0.5 billion; to supply the extra 15 Mt of hydrogen targeted in the REPowerEU plan, we estimate that cumulative capital investment totalling around USD 600 billion globally would be needed up to 2030, with 60% of this for infrastructure outside the European Union.[[23]]
21	What is the situation for investment in CO2 capture?	Plans for around 130 commercial-scale CO2 capture projects in 20 countries were announced in 2021. They aim to capture CO2 from a range of applications, including hydrogen and biofuel production, which combined account for almost half of newly announced projects. [[24]]
		Investment has also risen, to around USD 1.8 billion in 2021, as six CCUS projects took FID last year. Significant amounts of private capital are starting to flow to young companies with costly technologies to remove CO2 from the air and store or use it.[[25]]
22	What is essential to boost energy transitions and energy security?	Accelerating investment in emerging and developing economies is essential to boost energy transitions and energy security.[[26]]
23	In many emerging and developing economies, what is threatening clean energy investment?	High costs of capital and rising borrowing costs threaten to undercut the economic attractiveness of capital-intensive clean technologies: an increase of 2 percentage points in the cost of capital for solar PV and wind can lead to a 20% increase in overall levelised costs.[[27]]
24	Where are EV investments concentrated in?	More than 80% of EV sales are concentrated in China and Europe; more than 90% of global spending on public EV recharging infrastructure is in China, Europe and the United States.[[28]]
25	What can be done to bridge the gap between emerging and developing economies’ clean energy investment?	Additional financial and technical support, including concessional capital, private sector capital, and inflows from international carbon markets, will all be crucial. [[29]]
		If clean energy investment does not rapidly pick up in emerging and developing economies, the world will face a major dividing line in efforts to address climate change and reach other sustainable development goals.[[30]]
26	How much has been invested in the coal supply chain and how much more investment is expected?	Around USD 105 billion was invested in the coal supply chain in 2021, an increase of 10% year-on-year, and a further 10% rise is expected in 2022 as tight supply continues to attract new projects.[[31]]
27	Who is leading these increase in investments in coal supply chain?	This increase is being led by China and India, the dominant players in global coal markets. [[32]]
		Coal shortages and power rationing in China in 2021 made energy security the main priority in near-term Chinese policy, and more than 350 Mt per year of new coal mining capacity was brought on stream in the second half of the year.[[33]]
		India is also looking to increase domestic coal supply in the face of a squeeze in 2022 that increased the use of more expensive imported coal.[[34]]
28	What nations are increasing investment spending in the oil and gas sector?	Middle East National Oil Companies (NOCs) is now well above pre-crisis levels; Saudi Aramco and ADNOC have announced plans to increase investment spending by about 15-30% in 2022; Russian companies, led by Rosneft, had also announced significant investment hikes for 2022; and US majors are planning to increase spending by more than 30% in 2022.
29	What are the oil and gas projects that can deliver new volumes in a hurry?	Methane abatement and flaring reductions.[[35]]
30	What is the impact of Europe's move away from Russian gas and what are the issues with it?	Europe’s move away from Russian gas is putting new demands on LNG markets, but the implications for new LNG investment are complicated by the fact that most projects face a three to four year construction period and payback periods for invested capital that go well beyond the immediate European scramble for alternative supply.[[36]]
31	What companies are accountable for the clean energy investments in recent years?	The majors and Equinor accounted for about 90% of total clean energy investment by the oil and gas industry in 2021 and almost all of the investment tracked so far in 2022. [[37]]
32	Which region's companies are first in diversified spending for clean energy investments?	Overall, European companies are out in front for diversified spending, with major roles as investors in offshore wind.[[38]]
33	What is the result of the surge in prices of critical minerals?	This surge in prices has been a major factor in reversing, at least temporarily, the trajectory of declining costs for some clean energy technologies. The share of cathode material costs (including lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese) in the costs of an EV battery has risen from 5% in the mid-2010s to more than 20% today, at a time when some 300 new gigafactories are in planning and construction.[[39]]
		Elevated critical mineral prices are accompanied by expectations of rapid demand growth, and this helps to underpin expansive investment plans.[[40]]
34	What are some government efforts regarding critical minerals?	Many governments are promoting investment activities with the aim of ensuring secure mineral supplies for their domestic clean energy supply chains, while also supporting innovation and recycling. There is more government funding going to critical minerals within energy research and development activities. [[41]]
35	What is venture capital money increasingly funding for in the EV sector?	Venture capital money for EVs is increasingly going to battery designs and recycling approaches that seek to tackle critical mineral issues, with a lower share going to vehicle makers than in the past.[[42]]
36	What components of sustainable finance have surged recently in advanced economies?	Sustainable debt issuances reached more than USD 1.7 trillion in 2021, with the vast majority of green bonds designed to finance renewables and low-carbon buildings and transport.[[43]]
		2021 saw a rise in sustainability-linked debt, which is conditional on achieving targets (such as company-wide emissions reduction goals) rather than being project-focused, greatly widening possible uses.[[44]]
37	What are three important avenues for further work in ESG investing?	1) There is a need to align ESG taxonomies and standardise reporting frameworks, and thereby to improve the quality of engagement between investors and companies.[[45]] 2) Channels need to remain open to support the credible transition plans of carbon-intensive companies, recognising that half of the investment required to get on track for net zero over the next decade goes to projects that do not immediately deliver zero-emission energy or energy services.[[46]] 3) If ESG investing is to tackle the biggest deficits in decarbonisation, it must find a way to channel financing towards emerging markets and developing economies where the needs are greatest.[[47]]
38	What does the NZE Scenario require?	The NZE Scenario requires the rapid uptake of electrification of transport, heating, cooling and industrial production, and a massive effort to speed up retrofits and spending on new energy-efficient buildings. [[48]]
		By 2030 annual spending under this scenario on energy efficiency, electrification and renewables for end use is almost four times higher than today.[[49]]
39	How much is needed to meet the goal of net zero emissions by 2050?	It would require annual spending this decade of more than USD 2 trillion.[[50]]
40	What should be the first-order priority for energy transitions?	Accelerating investment across all aspects of energy transitions in developing economies needs to be a first-order priority, including for international financial institutions, their donors, multilateral development banks and many other actors.[[51]]
41	What are some of the factors that make up the energy demand?	Multiple supply chain pressures, tight markets for specialised labour and services, and the effect of higher energy prices [[52]]
42	What are some of the areas where renewable energy is a focus?	Transport and industry sectors [[53]]
43	What are low carbon fuels?	Modern liquid and gaseous bioenergy [[54]]
44	What was the IEA estimation with reference to clean energy and sustainable recovery measures earmarking?	IEA estimated that governments worldwide earmarked USD 710 billion for long-term clean energy and sustainable recovery measures.[[55]]
45	What is the cheapest option for new power generation in many countries?	Clean technologies such as wind and solar PV [[56]]
46	What percentage of total power sector investment does solar PV account for?	80% [[57]]
47	What is the biggest increase in buildings efficiency investment since we started tracking these investment flows?	16% increase in buildings efficiency investment in 2021 [[58]]
48	What is the annual rate of building retrofits that has been stuck for many years?	1% mark [[59]]
49	What is the key to the growth of clean end use spending?	Electrification of mobility [[60]]
50	What is the potential of battery energy storage	More than double to reach almost USD 20 billion [[61]]
51	How many gigawatts of non hydro energy storage capacity is China targeting?	30 GW [[62]]
52	How much money has been invested in CCUS projects?	USD 1.8 billion [[63]]
53	What percentage of stimulus spending is in advanced economies?	90%
54	What percentage increase in costs of capital and rising borrowing costs threaten to undercut the economic attractiveness of capital-intensive clean technologies?	20% [[64]]
55	What is the real risk that today's energy crisis will push millions back towards energy poverty?	Nearly 90 million people in Asia and Africa who had previously gained access to electricity, can no longer afford to pay for their basic energy needs [[65]]
56	What are the factors that impact energy investments?	High prices, rising costs, economic uncertainty, energy security concerns and climate imperatives amount to a powerful cocktail of factors bearing on global energy investment.   [[66]]
57	What accounts most in overall energy investment?	Clean energy investment is expected to exceed USD 1.4 trillion in 2022, accounting for almost three-quarters of the growth in overall energy investment. [[67]]
58	What is the issue with the 2022 energy capital investment?	Almost half of the additional USD 200 billion in capital investment in 2022 is likely to be eaten up by higher costs, rather than bringing additional energy supply capacity or savings. [[68]]
59	How was the evolution of investments in clean hydrogen since 2019?	Clean hydrogen-focused companies are raising more money than ever before, and the value of a portfolio of leading firms in this space has quadrupled since the end of 2019. Annual investment in low-carbon hydrogen stands at around USD 0.5 billion; to supply the extra 15 Mt of hydrogen targeted in the REPowerEU plan, we estimate that cumulative capital investment totalling around USD 600 billion globally would be needed up to 2030, with 60% of this for.   [[69]]
60	What is the global cumulative investment in clean energy up to 2030?	USD 600 billion.[[70]]
61	Which countries are the best investors in clean energy?	The highest clean energy investment levels in 2021 were in China, followed by the European Union and the United States.   [[71]]
62	How did the rate of investment in clean energy change from the Paris Agreement in 2015?	The annual average growth rate in clean energy investment in the five years after the signature of the Paris Agreement in 2015 was just over 2%. Sinc2020__ the rate has risen to 12%, well short of what is required to hit international climate goals, but an important step in the right direction.   [[72]]
63	Which is the cheapest option for new power generation?	Solar PV remain the cheapest option for new power generation in many countries, even before accounting for the exceptionally high prices seen in 2022 for coal and gas. [[73]]
64	What was the total investment in coal supply chain in 2021?	Around USD 105 billion was invested in the coal supply chain in 2021, an increase of 10% year-on-year, and a further 10% rise is expected by the end 2022 as tight supply continues to attract new projects.   [[74]]
65	Why has the Middle East National Oil Companies' spending recently consistently increased? (2022)	Spending by Middle East National Oil Companies is now well above pre-crisis levels, as major resource holders look to bolster dwindling spare capacity.   [[75]]
66	What is the impact of Europe's move away from Russian gas?	Europe’s move away from Russian gas is putting new demands on LNG markets, but the implications for new LNG investment are complicated by the fact that most projects face a three to four-year construction period and payback periods for invested capital that go well beyond the immediate European scramble for alternative supply. [[76]]
67	Why China is prioritizing energy security?	Coal shortages and power rationing in China in 2021 made energy security the main priority in near-term Chinese policy.[[77]]
68	What slows down the decrease of clean energy costs?	Clean energy technologies require a variety of minerals and metals, and today’s tense geopolitical situation, rising commodity prices and supply chain bottlenecks have highlighted the need for serious actions to enhance the diversity and resilience of their supply. [[78]]
69	Where are the largest increases in upstream investment in 2022?	Among the Western and international companies, some of the largest increases in upstream investment in 2022 come from the US majors. [[79]]
70	In the 2022 clean energy investment scenario, what projects become the focus?	In a situation where commodity prices are high and supplies are scarce, the focus of investment is squarely on projects that can deliver new volumes in a hurry like methane abatement and flaring reductions.[[80]]
71	Is the investment in fossil fuels increasing as agreed with the Paris Agreement?	Investment in fossil fuels is on a rising trend, but is still almost 30% below where it was when the Paris Agreement was signed. [[81]]
72	Which Country is the leading producer of palladium, used for catalytic converters in car?	Russia is the worlds leading producer of palladium.[[82]]
73	What is the evidence that EU majors' investment plans are inscribed in the long-term?	The planned upstream CAPEX is essentially flat for the European majors in 2022, underscoring that their investment plans are primarily driven by long-term strategy commitments.[[83]]
74	Describe "shale oil and gas"	Shale is porous rock that holds natural gas and their liquid components. These hydrocarbons are accessed by hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as “fracking.” This creates fractures in sedimentary rock by using water mixed with small amounts of sand and additives to release the natural gas or oil.[84]
75	How is the shale oil and gas investment cycle?	Shale oil and gas has a short investment cycle.   [[85]]
76	What is the strategy about coal?	India and China both advocated for the phase down instead of phase-out of coal at COP26
77	Which Country has pledged to stop building hydroelectric plants?	China.[[86]]
78	What is the Wind capacity that China has approved for development in both 2020 and 2021?	20 GW.[[87]]
79	What are the two major reasons for the decline in production of US shale oil and gas?
80	Which Countries are most likely to be the buyers of LNG?	Asian Countries.[[88]]
81	What is a Solar PV module manufactured from?	Multicrystalline silicon.[[89]]
82	What is a lithium -ion batter?	A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry. During a discharge cycle, lithium atoms in the anode are ionized and separated from their electrons.[90]
83	What is Steel price index based on?
84	What does IEA use to analyze the prices of critical minerals?	BNEF and S&P Global .[[91]]
85	What is crucial to increase demand for energy services?	Without a massive surge in spending on efficiency, electrification and low-carbon supply, rising global demand for energy services will simply not be met in a sustainable way. There are signs – notably in Europe’s REPowerEU plan – that the crisis is acting as an accelerant for energy transitions.
86	What year is the goal of energy efficiency to be achieved?	The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) is a normative IEA scenario that shows a pathway for the global energy sector to achieve net zero CO2 emissions by 2050, with advanced economies reaching net zero emissions in advance of others.[92]
87	From which sectors is required a rapid uptake for the NZE Scenario to happen?	The NZE Scenario also requires the rapid uptake of electrification of transport, heating, cooling and industrial production, and a massive. [[93]]
88	What is Sustainable finance?	Clean energy financing (IEA).[[94]]
89		Sustainable finance is defined as investment decisions that take into account the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors of economic activity or project.[95]
90	What is the debt sustainability model?	The debt sustainability model, or debt sustainability analysis, is a form of structured examination on a developing country based on the Debt Sustainability Framework. It is utilized by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and measures the lending and borrowing decisions surrounding low-income and developing countries. The model is essential for measuring a developing country’s financing needs with its capacity to repay borrowed funds.[96]
91	What is the rate at which investments in clean energy infrastructure are needed to achieve net zero emission?	Investment in renewable energy needs to triple by the end of the decade if the world hopes to effectively fight climate change and keep volatile energy markets under control
92	What must the ESG decarbonisation channel finance towards?	Towards emerging markets and developing economies (EMDE).[[97]]
93	What are the regulatory needs of sustainable finance with a specific focus to clean energy?	Non-market barriers like permitting requirements and preferential arrangements for incumbent producers and technologies .[[98]]
94	What year is the goal of energy efficiency to be achieved?	2030.[[99]]
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