Impacts of conservation measures in Gumara watershed


N.	Question	Answer
1	What was the objective of the study conducted in the Gumara watershed?	The objectives of the study were to estimate the potential annual soil loss (sheet and rill), to quantify gully erosion and its spatio-temporal dynamics, to investigate the impact of graded bund terrace on run-off loss, run-off coefficient, and sediment loss, and to evaluate the effects of SWC measures in improving vegetation cover and greenness/density and soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed.[1]
2	What techniques were used for analysis during this research project?	ArcGIS® 10.3, ERDAS® 9.2, SPSS® version 20, MS®-Excel software as well as high-resolution satellite imageries from Google Earth® Pro were all used for analysis during this research project.[2]
3	How much land has been lost due to gully erosion over time in each micro-watershed?	n Teter micro watershed an average rate 510 t ha-1 soil loss has been lost due to gully erosion; 1163 t ha-1 soil loss has been lost due to gully erosion in Eskane micro-watershed; 687 t ha-1 soil loss have been lost due to gully erosion in Koze micro watersheds respectively.[3]
4	How can potential soil losses be evaluated ?	The potential Soil Loss can be evaluated using RUSLE model which takes into account factors like Rainfall Amount & Intensity; Slope Length & Gradient along with other inputs such as soil's erodibility index among others.[4]
5	How was gully erosion analyzed for this study?	Gully erosion was analyzed using high-resolution satellite imageries from Google Earth® Pro and field surveys.[5]
6	What kinds of software can be used to analyze potential soil loss?	The potential soil loss can be analyzed using the RUSLE model, ArcGIS® 10.3, ERDAS® 9.2, SPSS® version 20, and MS®-Excel software.[6]
7	Has there been an improvement in vegetation cover due to SWC measures implemented so far?	es, according to land use/cover (LUC) change and NDVI/dNDVI analysis methods there has been improvements in both vegetation cover and greenness/density due to SWC measures implemented so far; with forestland and shrub-woodlands covers increasing by 48.4% (2.8 - 4.2%) and 8.3% (20 . 2 - 21 . 9%), respectively over the period 1995 - 2017 as well as a significant increase revealed by NDVI/dNDVI change detection analysis over 13 . 5% of their shared area .[7]
8	How have newly constructed graded bund terraces impacted run-off loss ?	Newly constructed graded bund terraces have reduced runoff loss significantly , reducing it by 34 . 94 % at its youngest form when compared with non-treated counterparts being observed as 12 . 60 % reduction after 11 years since construction had taken place at full maturity level status on site’s observations made during research & studied works conducted afterwards within experimental plots established.[8]
9	What were some objectives for studying water-induced soil erosion in northwestern Ethiopian highlands?	The objectives of the study were to estimate the potential annual soil loss (sheet and rill), to quantify gully erosion and its spatio-temporal dynamics, to investigate the impact of graded bund terrace on run-off loss, run-off coefficient, and sediment loss, and to evaluate the effects of SWC measures in improving vegetation cover and greenness/density and soil physicochemical properties in the Gumara watershed.[9]
10	How much has land been lost due to gully erosion in Eskane micro-watersheds?	An average rate of 1163 t ha-1soil loss has been lost due to gully erosion in Eskane micro-watersheds according to this study's results.[10]
11	What types of software were used for analysis in regard to water induced soil erosion?	A4 ArcGIS® 10.3, ERDAS® 9.2, SPSS® version 20, and MS® Excel software were all utilized for data analysis within this context. [11]
12	How have newly constructed graded soil bunds impacted run-off losses compared to non-treated counterparts?	Newly constructed graded bunds reduced run of floss by 34 . 94 % compared to non treated counterparts. [12]
13	How have conservation practices impacted overall soil quality ?	Soil & Water conservation practices resulted in a significantly higher mean value or total nitrogen, exchangeable Na + & Mg 2+ ( P < 0 00 1 ), Organic Carbon & organic matter.[13]
14	How much land has been lost due to gully erosion in the Teter, Eskane and Koze micro-watersheds, respectively?	510 t ha-1, 1163 t ha-1 and 687 t ha-1 of land were lost due to gully erosion in the Teter, Eskane and Koze micro-watersheds, respectively.[14]
15	On average, how much does gully erosion expand in surface area over one year?	Gully erosion expands on average 8.91 m2 ha-1 yr-1 in surface area over one year.[15]
16	How much did a newly constructed graded soil bund reduce run-off loss compared to a non-treated counterpart?	A newly constructed graded soil bund reduced run-off loss by 34.94% compared to a non-treated counterpart.[16]
17	What methods can be applied to evaluate improvements in vegetation cover?	In the context of a study aiming to quantify soil erosion and impacts of conservation measures in Gumara watershed, high-resolution satellite imageries from Google Earth® Pro as well as land use/cover (LUC) change NDVI/dNDVI analysis techniques were applied to evaluate improvements in vegetation cover and greenness/density. [17]